Nephrology is the branch of internal medicine’s subspecialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of kidney-related diseases. A human body has two kidneys; they are the bean-shaped organs located on either side in the retroperitoneal space. Kidneys are responsible for removing waste products and excess fluid from the body. They are also critical for retaining fluid intake and maintaining electrolyte concentrations that may be subjected to change due to numerous conditions or medicines.

Several kidney complications are systematic disorders, i.e. they are not only confined to the organ itself. These conditions need specialized treatment and medical care.